“北水南调工程”的警示与应对策略

在分析我国南方和北方地区之间粮食调运与虚拟水流动量变化的基础上,指出粮食虚拟水"北水南调工程"引起了一系列潜在的危机:加剧了北方地区的水资源压力,威胁国家粮食安全并拉大了南方和北方地区的经济差距。结合我国粮食生产用水技术水平与节水农业发展现状,提出应对上述潜在危机的建议:1强化政府宏观调控职能,挖掘农业节水潜力。尽快启动研究实施国家粮食生产用水补偿奖惩制度,挖掘农业节水潜力,缓解北方地区粮食生产水资源压力。2引入市场机制,大力发展现代节水农业。尽快研究出台相关政策,鼓励并支持节水企业投资建设和经营管理节水农业工程,充分调动多方资源,促进节水农业发展,保障国家粮食安全。     

The impact of watching television on evening melatonin levels

Self‐luminous electronic devices emit optical radiation at short wavelengths, close to the peak sensitivity of melatonin suppression. The present paper investigated if light from a 178‐cm (70 in.) television suppressed melatonin. Results showed that light from televisions does not impact melatonin levels in the evening.     

Highly Efficient Quasi 2D Blue Perovskite Electroluminescence Leveraging a Dual Ligand Composition

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are advancing because of their superior external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) and color purity. Still, additional work is needed for blue PeLEDs to achieve the same benchmarks as the other visible colors. This study demonstrates an extremely efficient blue PeLED with a 488 nm peak emission, a maximum luminance of 8600 cd m⁻², and a maximum EQE of 12.2% by incorporating the double-sided ethane-1,2-diammonium bromide (EDBr₂) ligand salt along with the long-chain ligand methylphenylammonium chloride (MeCl). The EDBr₂ successfully improves the interaction between 2D perovskite layers by reducing the weak van der Waals interaction and creating a Dion–Jacobson (DJ) structure. Whereas the pristine sample (without EDBr₂) is inhibited by small stacking number (n) 2D phases with nonradiative recombination regions that diminish the PeLED performance, adding EDBr₂ successfully enables better energy transfer from small n phases to larger n phases. As evidenced by photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization, EDBr₂ improves the morphology by reduction of pinholes and passivation of defects, subsequently improving the efficiencies and operational lifetimes of quasi-2D blue PeLEDs.     

A Polymer Defect Passivator for Efficient Hole-Conductor-Free Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells

Due to the low cost and excellent potential for mass production, printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) have drawn a lot of attention among other device structures. However, the low open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of such devices restricts their power conversion efficiency (PCE). This limitation is brought by the high defect density at perovskite grain boundaries in the mesoporous scaffold, which results in severe nonradiative recombination and is detrimental to the V_OC. To improve the perovskite crystallization process, passivate the perovskite defects, and enhance the PCE, additive engineering is an effective way. Herein, a polymeric Lewis base polysuccinimide (PSI) is added to the perovskite precursor solution as an additive. It improves the perovskite crystallinity and its carbonyl groups strongly coordinate with Pb²⁺, which can effectively passivate defects. Additionally, compared with its monomer, succinimide (SI), PSI serves as a better defect passivator because the long-chained macromolecule can be firmly anchored on those defect sites and form a stronger interaction with perovskite grains. As a result, the champion device has a PCE of 18.84%, and the V_OC rises from 973 to 1030 mV. This study offers a new strategy for fabricating efficient p-MPSCs.     

Modulating Backbone Conjugation of Polymeric Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for High-Efficiency Blue OLEDs

Blue conjugated polymers-based OLEDs with both high efficiency and low efficiency roll-off are under big challenge. Herein, a strategy of local conjugation is proposed to construct high-efficiency blue-emitting conjugated polymers, in which the conjugation degree of polymeric backbones is adjusted by inserting different spacers. In this way, the energy level of triplet state and the energy transfer direction of the polymeric main-chains can be effectively regulated. Benefiting from such fine regulation, the prepared alternative copolymers Alt-PB36 with local conjugated main-chains can better suppress the accumulation of long-lived triplet excitons comparing with the complete conjugated polymers. The higher PLQY of Alt-PB36 also verifies the effective energy transfer from the polymeric main-chains to the TADF units. Accordingly, Alt-PB36 based solution-processed OLEDs achieve an EQE_max of 11.6% and a very low efficiency roll-off of 2.8% at 100 cd m⁻² and 15.2% at 500 cd m⁻². This result represents the best efficiency among blue light-emitting conjugated polymer-based OLEDs so far under high luminance.     

基于锂电池的空间电源系统钝化研究

针对空间能源系统在卫星寿命末期的钝化需求,分析了不同轨道卫星锂电池的温度条件,同时分析了锂电池位置、卫星姿态对其温度的影响。基于上述分析的温度范围,研究了锂电池在钝化后发生热失控的可能性和影响因素,分析得到基于锂电池的空间电源系统钝化需求。在此基础上,提出了4种可行的钝化解决方案,并从受空间环境影响程度、额外增加元器件的情况以及钝化后电路受电流应力情况等方面进行对比,分析结果表明,旁路钝化方案是基于锂离子电池的电源系统钝化的首选方案。     

Passivating Defects of Perovskite Solar Cells with Functional Donor-Acceptor–Donor Type Hole Transporting Materials

In this study, a series of donor–acceptor–donor (D-A-D) type small molecules based on the fluorene and diphenylethenyl enamine units, which are distinguished by different acceptors, as holetransporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells is presented. The incorporation of the malononitrile acceptor units is found to be beneficial for not only carrier transportation but also defects passivation via Pb–N interactions. The highest power conversion efficiency of over 22% is achieved on cells based on V1359, which is higher than that of spiro-OMeTAD under identical conditions. This st shows that HTMs prepared via simplified synthetic routes are not only a low-cost alternative to spiro-OMeTAD but also outperform in efficiency and stability state-of-art materials obtained via expensive cross-coupling methods.     

Challenges of Diffusion Bonding of Different Classes of Stainless Steels

Solid state diffusion bonding is used to produce monolithic parts exhibiting mechanical properties comparable to those of the bulk material. This requires diffusion of atoms across mating surfaces at high temperatures, accompanied by grain growth. In case of steel, polymorphy helps to limit the grain size, since the microstructure is transformed twice. The diffusion coefficient differs extremely for ferritic and austenitic phases. Alloying elements may shift or suppress phase transformation until the melting range. In this paper, diffusion bonding experiments are reported for austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steels possessing varying alloying elements and contents. Passivation layers of different compositions are formed, thus affecting the local diffusion coefficient and impeding diffusion across faying surfaces. As a consequence, different bonding temperatures are needed to obtain good bonding results, making it difficult to control the deformation of parts, since strong nonlinearities exist between temperature, bonding time, and bearing pressure. For martensitic stainless steel, it is shown that it is very easy to obtain good bonding results at low deformation, whereas ferritic and austenitic stainless steels require much more extreme bonding parameters.

     

Crystallization‐Induced Emission Enhancement of a Deep‐Blue Luminescence Material with Tunable Mechano‐ and Thermochromism

Organic luminescent materials with the ability to reversibly switch the luminescence when subjected to external stimuli have attracted considerable interest in recent years. However, the examples of luminescent materials that exhibit multiresponsive properties are rarely reported. In this work, a new stimuli‐responsive dye P1 is designed and synthesized with two identical chromophores of naphthalimide, one at each side of an amidoamine‐based spacer. This amide‐rich molecule offers many possibilities for forming intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. Particularly, P1 has an intrinsic property of cocrystallizing with methanol. Compared with the pristine P1 sample, the as‐prepared two‐component cocrystalline material displays an exceptive deep‐blue emission, which is extremely rare among naphthalimide‐based molecules in the solid state. Furthermore, the target material exhibits an obvious mechanochromic fluorescent behavior and a large spectral shift under force stimuli. On the other hand, the cocrystalline material shows an unusual “turn off” thermochromic luminescence accompanied by solvent evaporation. Moreover, using external stimuli to reversibly manipulate fluorescent quantum yields is rarely reported to date. The results demonstrate the feasibility of a new design strategy for solid‐state luminescence switching materials: the incorporation of solvents into organic compounds by cocrystallization to obtain a crystalline state luminescence system.     

1–MCP结合EA对蓝靛果贮藏品质及活性氧代谢的影响

目的 探究不同处理对贮藏0~60 d期间蓝靛果实贮藏品质及活性氧(ROS)代谢的影响,为蓝靛果贮藏保鲜提供技术依据。方法 以蓝靛果为实验材料,采后将其装入保鲜箱中,用1−甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)、乙烯吸收剂(EA)、1-MCP+EA进行处理,在(−0.5±0.3)℃下贮藏60 d,每隔15 d取样观察果实的感官品质,并测定其营养、生理及活性氧代谢相关指标。结果 与对照组相比,3种处理方式均能保持果实较好的感官特性,延缓果实抗坏血酸、花色苷、总酚和黄酮等含量的流失,以及果实的软化;在贮藏60 d时,处理组果实的呼吸强度分别比对照组果实的呼吸强度低22.73、12.92、34.04 mg/(kg.h),乙烯生成速率分别比对照组果实的低6.38、3.98、10.11 μL/(kg.h);可抑制超氧阴离子(O2⁻.)活性、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、丙二醛含量及相对电导率的升高,保持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性。通过SPSS分析可知,综合得分顺序为CK＜EA＜1-MCP＜1-MCP+EA,表明1-MCP+EA处理的效果最好。结论 1-MCP+EA处理对蓝靛果贮藏60 d的保鲜效果最好,可更好地保留果实的外观和内在品质,利于运输和销售。